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They provide a place for the back muscles to attach to the spine.įor the most part, these are absent in the vertebra of the neck (the cervical spine). The transverse processes are located at right angles to the junction of pedicles and the lamina.

Sometimes these processes are absent or bifid in the cervical spine. Each spinous process is attached to the spinous process above and below it by ligaments. They are bony projections that arise at right angles (perpendicular) to the midline of the lamina. The bumps that can be felt down the back are the spinous processes. The lamina is is the roof of the spinal canal that provides support and protection for the backside of the spinal cord. The pedicles also serve as a bridge, joining the front and back parts of the vertebra. PediclesĮach vertebra has two cylinder-shaped projections (pedicles) of hard bone that stick out from the back part of the vertebral body, providing side protection for the spinal cord and nerves. Both the vertebral body and the discs increase in size from the head to the sacrum. The front or anterior section of the vertebral body protects the spinal cord and nerve roots. It bears about 80 percent of the load while standing and provides an attachment for the discs between the vertebrae. The vertebral body is the main portion of the vertebra. Each vertebra is composed of several parts that act as a whole to surround and protect the spinal cord and nerves, provide structure to the body and enable fluid movement in many planes.

The adult spine is made up of approximately 24 bones (vertebrae) stacked on top of each other from the bottom of the skull to the pelvis.